VIII
Chemical Persuasion
In the Brave New World of my fables there was no whisky, no
tobacco, no illicit heroin, no bootlegged
cocaine. People neither smoked, nor
drank, nor sniffed, nor gave themselves injections. Whenever anyone felt depressed or below par
he would swallow a tablet or two of a chemical compound called Soma. The original Soma, from which I took the name
of the hypothetical drug, was an unknown plant (possibly Asclepias
acida) used by the ancient Aryan invaders of
The Soma of Brave
New World had none of the drawbacks of its Indian original. In small doses it brought a sense of bliss,
in larger doses it made you see visions and, if you took three tablets, you
would sink in a few minutes into refreshing sleep. And all at no physiological
or mental cost. The Brave New Worlders could take holidays from their black moods, or
from the familiar annoyances of everyday life, without sacrificing their health
or permanently reducing their efficiency.
In the Brave New World
the Soma habit was not a private vice; it was a political institution, it was
the very essence of the Life,
'does more than
To justify God's ways to man.'
And let us remember that, compared with Soma,
beer is a drug of the crudest and most unreliable kind. In this matter of justifying God's ways to man,
Soma is to alcohol as alcohol is to the theological arguments of
In 1931, when I was
writing about the imaginary synthetic by means of which future generations
would be made both happy and docile, the well-known American biochemist, Dr
Irvine Page, was preparing to leave
Among the classical
stimulants, tea, coffee and maté are, thank goodness,
almost completely harmless. They are
also very weak stimulants. Unlike these
'cups that cheer but not inebriate', cocaine is a very powerful and a very
dangerous drug. Those who make use of it
must pay for their ecstasies, their sense of unlimited physical and mental
power, by spells of agonizing depression, by such horrible physical symptoms as
the sensation of being infested by myriads of crawling insects, and by paranoid
delusions that may lead to crimes of violence.
Another stimulant of more recent vintage is amphetamine, better known
under its trade name of Benzedrine.
Amphetamine works very effectively - but works, if abused, at the
expense of mental and physical health.
It has been estimated that, in
Of the classical
vision-producers the best known are the peyote of Mexico and the South-Western
United States and Cannibis sativa, consumed all over the world under such names as
hashish, bhang, kif and marihuana. According to the best medical and
anthropological evidence, peyote is far less harmful than the White Man's gin
or whisky. It permits the Indians who
use it in their religious rites to enter paradise, and to feel at one with the
beloved community, without making them pay for the privilege by anything worse
than the ordeal of having to chew on something with a revolting flavour and of
feeling somewhat nauseated for an hour or two.
Cannabis sativa is a less innocuous
drug - though not nearly so harmful as the sensation-mongers would have us
believe. The Medical Committee, appointed
in 1944 by the Mayor of New York to investigate the problem of marihuana, came
to the conclusion, after careful investigation, that Cannabis sativa is not a serious menace to society, or even to
those who indulge in it. It is merely a
nuisance.
From these classical
mind-changers we pass to the latest products of psycho-pharmacological
research. Most highly publicized of
these are the three new tranquillizers, reserpine,
chlorpromazine and meprobamate. Administered to certain classes of psychotics,
the first two have proved to be remarkably effective, not in curing mental
illness, but at least in temporarily abolishing their more distressing
symptoms. Meprobamate
(alias Miltown) produces similar effects in persons
suffering from various forms of neurosis.
None of these drugs is perfectly harmless; but their cost, in terms of
physical health and mental efficiency, is extraordinarily low. In a word where nobody gets anything for
nothing, tranquillizers offer a great deal for very little. Miltown and
chlorpromazine are not yet Soma; but they come fairly near to being one of the
aspects of that mythical drug. They
provide temporary relief from nervous tension without, in the great majority of
cases, inflicting permanent organic harm, and without causing more than a
rather slight impairment, while the drug is working, of intellectual and
physical efficiency. Except as
narcotics, they are probably to be preferred to the barbiturates, which blunt
the mind's cutting edge and, in large doses, cause a number of undesirable
psycho-physical symptoms and may result in a full-blown addiction.
In LSD-25 (lysergic
acid diethylamide) the pharmacologists have recently created another aspect of
Soma - a perception-improver and vision-producer that is, physiologically
speaking, almost costless. This
extraordinary drug, which is effective in doses as small as fifty or even
twenty-five millionths of a gram, has power (like peyote) to transport people
into the Other World. In the majority of
cases, the Other World to which LSD-25 gives access is heavenly; alternatively
it may be purgatorial or even infernal.
But, positive or negative, the lysergic acid experience is felt by
almost everyone who undergoes it to be profoundly significant and
enlightening. In any event, the fact
that minds can be changed so radically at so little cost to the body is
altogether astonishing.
Soma was not only a
vision-producer and a tranquillizer; it was also (and no doubt impossibly) a
stimulant of mind and body, a creator of active euphoria as well as of the
negative happiness that follows the release from anxiety and tension.
The ideal stimulant -
powerful but innocuous - still awaits discovery. Amphetamine, as we have seen, was far from
satisfactory; it exacted too high a price for what it gave. A more promising candidate for the role of
Soma in its third aspect is Iproniazid, which is now
being used to lift depressed patients out of their misery, to enliven the
apathetic and in general to increase the amount of available psychic energy. Still more promising, according to a
distinguished pharmacologist of my acquaintance, is a new compound, still in
the testing stage, to be known as Deaner. Deaner is an
amino-alcohol and is thought to increase the production of acetyl-choline within the body, and thereby to increase the
activity and effectiveness of the nervous system. The man who takes
the new pill needs less sleep, feels more alert and cheerful, thinks faster and
better - and all at next to no organic cost, at any rate in the short run. It sounds almost too good to be true.
We see then, that,
though Soma does not yet exist (and will probably never exist) fairly good
substitutes for the various aspects of Soma have already been discovered. There are now physiologically cheap tranquillizers,
physiologically cheap vision-producers and physiologically cheap stimulants.
That a dictator could,
if he so desired, make use of these drugs for political purposes is
obvious. He could ensure himself against
political unrest by changing the chemistry of his subjects' brains and so
making them content with their servile conditions. He could use tranquillizers to calm the
excited, stimulants to arouse enthusiasm in the indifferent, hallucinants to distract the attention of the wretched from
their miseries. But how, it may be
asked, will the dictator get his subjects to take the pills that will make them
think, feel and behave in the ways he finds desirable? In all probability it will be enough merely
to make the pills available. Today alcohol
and tobacco are available, and people spend considerably more on these very
unsatisfactory euphorics, pseudo-stimulants and
sedatives than they are ready to spend on the education of their children. Or consider the barbiturates and the
tranquillizers. In the
Under a dictatorship
pharmacists would be instructed to change their tune with every change of
circumstance. In times of national
crisis it would be their business to push the sale of stimulants. Between crises, too much alertness and energy
on the part of his subjects might prove embarrassing to the tyrant. At such times the masses would be urged to
buy tranquillizers and vision-producers.
Under the influence of these soothing syrups they could be relied upon to
give their master no trouble.
As things now stand,
the tranquillizers may prevent some people from giving enough trouble, not only
to their rulers, but even to themselves.
Too much tension is a disease; but so is too little. There are certain occasions when we ought
to be tense, when an excess of tranquillity (and especially of tranquillity
imposed from the outside, by a chemical) is entirely inappropriate.
At a recent symposium
on meprobamate, in which I was a participant, an
eminent biochemist playfully suggested that the
As well as
tranquillizing, hallucinating and stimulating, the Soma of my fable had the
power to reinforce the effects of governmental propaganda. Less effectively and at a higher
physiological cost, several drugs already in the pharmacopoeia can be used for
the same purpose. There is scopolamine,
for example, the active principle of henbane and, in large doses, a powerful
poison; there are pentothal and sodium amytal. Nicknamed,
for some odd reason, 'the truth serum', pentothal has
been used by the police of various countries for the purpose of extracting
confessions from (or perhaps suggesting confessions to) reluctant
criminals. Pentothal and sodium amytal lower the barrier between the conscious and the
subconscious mind and are of great value in the treatment of 'battle fatigue'
by the process know as 'narcosynthesis'. It is said that these drugs are sometimes
employed by the Communists when preparing important prisoners for their public
appearance in court.
Meanwhile pharmacology,
biochemistry and neurology are on the march, and we can be quite certain that,
in the course of the next few years, new and better chemical methods for
increasing suggestibility and lowering psychological resistance will be
discovered. Like everything else these
discoveries may be used well or badly.
They may help the psychiatrist in his battle against mental illness, or
they may help the dictator in his battle against freedom. More probably (since science is divinely
impartial) they will both enslave and make free, heal
and at the same time destroy.